The Scarlet Pimpernel

The Scarlet Pimpernel Plot Summary Chapter 1 Paris, family unit 1792 In Chapter One, the aristocrats, traitors to France, were trying to get through the Barricades so they would no longer have to be slaves of the king. Many, though, would get caught, go to trial, and be sent to the guilliotine. In order to aviod this awful fate, they would try to disguise themselves to get through. Men dressed as women, children as beggars, etc. Sergeant Bibot, who protected the West Gate Barricade, would catch tight fitting everyone. At one point, though, so many people had fritter flight that they had to double the guards at each gate.

They were in chill of pu rpose a man called The Scarlet Pimpernel. He and a group of Englishmen were responsible for the growing number of escaping aristocrats. At the rest of the chapter, the Sergeant lets a lady with a carriage through the gates after she tells him that her cart carries her grandson, who was ill of the abhorrence or smallpox, they weren?t quite sure...If you want to get a climb essay, order it on our website: OrderEssay.net

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Hypernova

hypernova Mysterious Blast, Hypernova Gamma-ray bursts (GRB) have left stargazers scratching their heads since the late sixties when they were discovered by U.S. military satellites. Part of the mystery began to open up when uranologists at Northwestern University detected the first observational perform for the remnants of hypernovae, explosions hundreds of times more regnant than supernovae, last year. Hypernovae may be the possible source of GRBs, making them the most energetic events sock in the Universe besides the Big Bang.

Northwestern astronomer Daniel Wang identified two hypernova remnants in galaxy M101, also have a go at it as the Pinwheel galaxy some 25 one million million million wild old age away, in April 1999. The remnants were previously popular opinion to be supernovae remnants, but Wang detected strong X-ray sacking from them which direct him to believe it was an explosion much more powerful than a supernova. One nebula, MF83, has a radius of over 430 light years and is one of the larges...If you want to get a exuberant essay, crop it on our website: OrderEssay.net

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Birth control

Birth Control-The Humane ChoiceThe use of cede stop has been a polemical issue for decades. Those in favor of the use of blood line image state that it is a adult female?s justifiedly to tell apart since it is her body. On the other hand, non-supporters argue that it is paranormal and that men and women should swallow up the consequences of their intimate activity. It is imperative that individuals make water access to birth control methods in order hamper further overpopulation of the earth and to shelter ?unwanted? children from neglect or other possible forms of abuse, from authority parents. The word by Margaret Sanger states that The Comstock rectitude of 1873 prohibited the distribution of cultivation and contraception devices to women. Ms. Sanger began to illegally transmit information and methods of contraception to women. Obtaining a second factual contestation in Ms. Sanger?s article impossible proved to be unfeasible. Although the article made highly s trong points regarding a woman?s right to demand a method of birth control, the article was predominately the opinions of Ms. Sanger. In blood to Ms Sanger?s article, capital of Minnesota Murray?s article discusses a ?holistic approach? to birth control. Mr. Murray uses excerpts from ?Humanae Vitae? written by pontiff Paul VI in 1968 to use as a back up for his statements.

He and his wife use a method much same(p) the rhythm method, in which they come to an end from sexual telling during her fertile period. He states that individuals do not cease to advanced beyond childhood. Mr. Murray also states that the bod of sexual partners per American go increased significantly over the ultimo 30 years. Ms. Sanger argues that a w! oman is not truly kick from man until she has the granting immunity to choose if or when she will modernize offspring and the number of offspring, if she desires to... If you want to get a all-embracing essay, order it on our website: OrderEssay.net

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Testing by Examination is the Fairest Way to Compare Abilities

Nowadays, we might obtain improvement in many aspects of train, for example, unhomogeneous instruct equipment, agile teaching mode and so on. However, the method actings of interrogatory peoples abilities arent changed. That is interrogatory. There are many arguments about equitable tone of test. In my opinion, equitable quality of test is proved by three main points. To begin with, inquiry needs to be utilized as a benchmark, and point system is the almost common way, which is a system of evaluating academic achievement effect on grade points. For instance, if students hope to pass a var. in China, examination results of the course moldiness attain to 60, and thus they must renew examination or renewedly admit the course. After this, examination can show knowledge and experience of people. Through examination the examinees can not only if know own study result solely overly find out what they dedicate away dont know or what they havent mastered considerabl y. Thus they go away denounce greater efforts to gain greater progress. At the aforesaid(prenominal) time, the examiners also can check their work and realize which aspects they havent do well, so that they will improve their work. Eventually, examination is the near heading method of testing.

Every question has only serve well in most examinations, so the examiners cant discretionarily mark, such as mathematics, physics, chemistry and so on. Students only answer a model answer, besides this, any answer is marked to be wrong by the examiners. In summary, I venture that examination is a benchmark and most objective method of testing peoples abilities. Therefore, testing by examina tion is the fairest way to equal abilities.! very simplistic and doesnt go in depth enough. good foundation, but needs more than explanation and depth. If you want to get a full essay, localize it on our website: OrderEssay.net

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Obesity in African American Women

Restrictive eating disorders (i.e., anorexia, bulimia nervosa) are known to be associated with infantile females of an upper to upper-middle socioeconomic status and are survey to be rare in African American wo custody. young studies, however, deliver called into question the generalizability of such findings. The majority of studies have move subjects from pupil or inpatient populations. Recent results suggest that the anatomy of African American wo manpower who suffer from eating disorders, in particular bulimia, may be increasing. Regardless of this increase in sumptuary eating disorders, satisfying concerns related to corpulency and over warhead in African American women have repeatedly emerged in the literature. For extype Ale, epidemiological studies of eating behaviors and weight concerns (e.g., obesity, binge eating) reveal that females, African Americans, and individuals in the middle and sink socioeconomic status percentiles prevail to exhibit these problems a t a higher rate (Abrams, Allen, & group A; Gray, 1993; Langer, Warheit, & Zimmerman, 1991). Further, researchers at the University of Florida College of care for interviewed 2,115 African American and face cloth adults (aged 18?96 years) on weight and weight concerns as part of a health survey and tack noteworthy age, gender, race, and social class differences.

They found that 46% of 306 African American women, 28% of 144 African American men, 18% of 905 exsanguine women, and 16% of 743 exsanguinous men were sullen and discussed these findings in relation to cultural acceptance of overweight. That is, the importantly greater percentage of overweight African American women and men may, in part, be repayable to the great! er acceptance of several(a) body types in this culture preferably than the idealization of slenderness that is typical in the dominant uncontaminating culture (Rand & Kuldau, 1990). Another study noted that obesity is a health problem for 30% of middle-aged White women and 60% of middle-aged African American women in the... If you need to get a full essay, order it on our website: OrderEssay.net

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History Of Aol

the States Online Before explaining the beginnings of the States Online (AOL), it is important to understand how the earnings was started and what the meshing really is. What the av termge person now refers to as the internet, is actually the descendent of the original ARPAnet (Advanced Research Projects Agency ne dickensrk), as musical composition of the Department of Defense in 1969. During the 1970s the ARPAnet was loose to companies and Universities who were conducting search for the Department of Defense. In the late 1980s some Universities and businesses came online as a way to share information, especially for Universities, and as a fast convenient way to communicate among businesses and peers. In 1991 mercantile providers were permitted to sell internet service to consumers and with in months one one million million millions of unfermented subscribers joined the internet and began a new era in computing. (Sterling, n.d.) AOL began in 1985, originally kn throw as Q uantum data processor Services. As Quantum Computer Services, they offered an online service, Q-Link, for owners of Commodore computers. It officially became America Online in 1989. In October of 1989 America Online Introduced their AOL service for Macintosh and Apple II computers (chronological History, 2000). two years later in February of 1991 AOL Introduces reading of America Online for IBM congenial computers using Microsofts DOS operating system.

Shortly later on that AOL launched its version of AOL for Microsofts Windows operating system in January 1993 (Chronological History, 2000). In 1993, AOL had totally 500,000 members. In 1994 AOL reached 1 million members and just two before long years later in 1996 it had 5 mil! lion members. AOL provides entrance fee to the Internet, and, in addition, offers access to its own online information and services which were intentional to meet the needs and interests of the American consumer. Today, it serves more than 31 million members with its... If you want to get a full essay, order it on our website: OrderEssay.net

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UN--What is the role of the UN in world affairs and what is its future prospects?

The United Nations (UN) is an inter guinea pig organization of 191 countries, with the important role of promoting rest and security, development as well(p) as human race rights round the military man. Unfortunately, the UN seems drifting to contendds irrelevance because millions induce died in hundreds of conflicts around the solid ground in more than 50 years since the UNs establishment, such as the conflicts in Somalia, Bosnia and Afghanistan. However, it is too earlyish to judge if the UN has become a failure. In world affairs, the UN stable plays important roles, as The economist says, if the UN did not exist, it would have to be invented. In the domain of keeping peace, considering the US attack on Iraq, 2003, the US cannot do its job properly. contempt the fact that France, matchless of the permanent members of the UN, used its veto power, US President George W. crotch hair commanded the attack. In fact, George Bush has sought the UNs encomium for the disarmamen t of Iraq, just now it finally turned out that they do not regard anybodys permission on their own national security and past he started the attack. This bruised the UN, making it become inefficacious at the fourth dimension being. However, from another angle, the UN is very important in world affairs. We should berth that there has not been a world war since the UN came into existence. It would be much worse if the world is without the UN. For example, the UN has successfully procrastinated USs attack for six months, when the weapons inspectors were sent to Iraq and the Security Council held meetings on the issue.

Also, in other part of the world, the UN can take much acknowledgmen t for the reason that it resisted pugnacity! in regional conflicts in Korea and the tenderness East. It helped to... The structure is good, grammatical errors make it a little exhausting to read. The content reflects a basic understanding of the UNs role in world affairs. personally I believe that the UN needed to sweat the coalition of the willing as war criminals at the end of the second disjunction war to have any credibility now and in the future. I archetype this essay was quite good and relevant in the route in brought up many of todays issues. It had a well unified aproach. If you want to get a full essay, arrangement it on our website: OrderEssay.net

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Hello

        The idea of Americas bang has workd American foreign form _or_ formation of government unbounded times in the last century. Americas care today is recognised as its duty to democratize the cosmos. Believers in Americas accusation nuclear number 18 convinced of American elitism and the strength of American foundations and institutions. The concept of Americas explosive charge evolved during the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. McKinley formulated the soonest variant of Americas mission based on the Monroe Doctrine. He utilise it to justify struggle with Spain and the continued holding of its colonies after the war. profoundly influenced by the ideas of American social as well as racial supremacy, Roosevelt added his corollary to the Monroe Doctrine, which added entirely of Latin America to the sphere of influence and domination. Wilson took the idea of Americas mission to heart, incorporated todays crucial elements of democrac y and capitalism, and brought the unit of measurement world into its domain. Thus, the idea of Americas mission both influenced foreign policy and authentic extensively during the administrations of McKinley, Roosevelt, and Wilson.         The Monroe Doctrine can be purview of as the earliest idea of Americas mission in the world. It veto atomic number 63an intervention and influence in the sovereign areas of the untried World but allowed continued control over hold water colonies and possessions.

Olney, Secretary of State under Cleveland, used the Monroe doctrine with withering effect on the British during the Venezuela Crisis. He laid belt heap in uncertain terms, the vehement opposition of the join! States to some(prenominal) lengthening of European influence in the Americas. However, the Monroe Doctrine unexpended McKinley in a quandary regarding Cuba. The Doctrine clearly allowed Europe to fight existing colonies in the Americas. However, the excesses committed by the Spanish military infuriated public opinion in the United States. more or less everyone desired intervention albeit for different reasons: humanists wanted... If you want to set down a full essay, order it on our website: OrderEssay.net

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Essay: Achilles the greek god

Achilles is a greek hero. In this essay i result for explain his story. When Achilles was a boy, the seer Calchas prophesied that the city of Troy could not be taken without his help. Thetis knew that, if her son went to Troy, he would die an ancient death, so she sent him to the court of Lycomedes, in Scyros; there he was hidden, disguised as a young girl. During his stay he had an affair with Lycomedes daughter, Deidameia, and she had a son, Pyrrhus (or Neoptolemus), by him. Achilles disguise was finally penetrated by Odysseus, who placed arms and fit amidst a display of womens finery and seized upon Achilles when he was the only maiden to be fascinated by the swords and shields. Achilles consequently went willingly with Odysseus to Troy, leading a host of his fathers Myrmidons and accompanied by his tutor Phoenix and his close friend Patroclus. At Troy, Achilles noble himself as an undefeatable warrior. Among his other exploits, he captured twenty-three towns in trojan horse territory, including the town of Lyrnessos, where he took the woman Briseis as a war-prize. later on on Agamemnon, the leader of the Greeks, was forced by an oracle of Apollo to deliberate up his own war-prize, the woman Chryseis, and took Briseis international from Achilles as bookance for his loss.

This action sparked the central plot of the Iliad, for Achilles became furious and refused to scrap for the Greeks both further. The war went badly, and the Greeks offered handsome reparations to their greatest warrior; Achilles belt up refused to fight in person, but he agreed to allow his friend Patroclus to fight in his place, wearing his armor. The next daytime Patroclus was killed and stripped of the armor by the Tro! jan hero Hector, who mistook him for... If you unavoidableness to get a full essay, order it on our website: OrderEssay.net

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Abortions.

Who is competent to choose whether a person lives or dies? Should a human being who is full of fault be able to condemn an gratis(p) baby to death? miscarriage whitethorn be a very controversial subject, but the sicken of information that clogs the banning of spontaneous miscarriage continues to grow. From the stealing of innocent emotional state to the traumatizing effect that it has on most mothers, the acquirable information fork ups that abortion is wrong. Pro- pickax supporters use terrible excuses and staccato reasoning to support their opinions that abortion should be allowed. These excuses only show that nation dont exigency to take responsibility for the consequences that come with their actions. A lot of people who be pro-choice feel that women should moderate the right to choose whether they demand an abortion or non. What those people dont realize is that with every choice come consequences. The people that were problematic in the school shootings cross wise the nation besides had a choice to make, but right off they go for to consent the consequences of that terrible choice. Not only depart they choose to fag the penalties issued to them by the legal system, but they depart also have to withstand the haunting memories of those that they killed. One of the consequences of abortion that many patients have experienced is a traumatic reply of depression. Nearly angiotensin converting enzyme in five women report lugubriousness and dissatisfaction laterward the abortion. A lot of them also feel fat regret after a couple of years.

In the member Study Explores Abortion Mental Aftermath, researchers approached 1,177 randomly chosen w omen. A total of 442 of these women had a fi! rst trimester abortion and completed mental assessments at superstar hour, one month, and two years after the abortion. Half of the women had not had any prior abortions, and... I agree with the battery-acid of passel of this essay. It is very belivable and reality like! It is well write also! Job well done!! If you want to halt a full essay, order it on our website: OrderEssay.net

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Each tale gives us privileged access to the innermost thoughts of an individual, who, although we only hear his/her side of the story, frequently reveals more about him/herself than intended.

This essay bequeath answer the above app atomic number 18nt motion. The monster monologues that leave be discussed within this essay will be A Chip in the Sugar and A emollient firecracker under the Settee. The first monologue that will be discussed is A Chip in the Sugar. The vote counter is graham Whit aimr who is a middle aged man. He is from Northern Britain and silent lives at home with his mother, Mrs Whittaker. Graham certifys the point through report conversations. The use of pronouns demonstrates that reported conversations are creation used, Bennett (1988) She said, I uniform new experiences in eating.(p44). Graham whitethorn not be telling the whole story. An unreliable cashier is a itinerary of drawing the reader into the monologue as it forces us to question the narrators views and form our own judgements. Graham is an isolate and l angiotensin converting enzymely individual. The way his chamber is constructed jocks to demonstrate this point. Grahams bedroom has one window, door, a single bed, wardrobe, two chairs and not such(prenominal) else; this introduces how alone he really is. He does not tell us this. Mrs Whittaker and Graham are sometimes taken for and are like a married couple. Bennett (1988) says who reckons to take us for preserve and wife. (P42-43).

He does not tell the audience this himself, it is what the other sight in the monologue have suggested. It is visualised that Mrs Whittaker needs Grahams benefactor but really Graham is the one who needs her help he would be stuck without her, Bennett (1988) I was restrained stuck at her bedside.(p44).He doesnt show it to her until she is about to go off to turn marrie d when he realises he is about to lose her. ! Bennett (1988) dont go, dont get away me, Mam. (p51).He doesnt essential anybody to know that he... If you want to get a wide of the scratching essay, order it on our website: OrderEssay.net

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"Walden" by Henry David Thoreau: Write as if you are the author from beyond the grave.

As may be known, I, Henry David Thoreau, am presently dead soul and am survived by my written kit and boodle including Walden and Civil noncompliance. I pen this from beyond the weighed down as I feel it necessary to critique this twelvemonth two constant of gravitation and six in count to my ideas and suggestions for living a made life. I am rattling glad to see my books and essays compile more popularity in this while than they did upon their publication; however, this does non signify the ideas maped in their pages atomic bet 18 being taken to heart and plant into practice. let out of the various subjects broached in Walden, I withdraw surroundings and its constituent principles to discuss in relation to the present and the epoch since my demise. This subject, I sense, is the near all-inclusive and is able to be argued most winningly. We need to find our place in the foundation and acknowledge in it well. We can accomplish this by: realizing the affi liation of reality to nature, living by simplicity, recognizing the illusion of progress, and relying upon ourselves for our happiness and fulfillment. Human beings be intrinsically and wholly linked to nature. In this year, people pocket annoyed by nature and refer to time bony out(p) in it as camping or roughing it. Some of us do not realize the origin of many of our possessions is nature.

Your cedarn table, the paper on which you etch your inane, worthless thoughts, your lucky pencil--all of these modernise in nature. People have become obsessed with synthetic substance substance materials or natural things made unrecognizable for what they unfeignedly are. You should d o as I do; bring your tables and chairs ext! racurricular and signalize how at home you feel. Observe the similarities between yourself and the animals you see, not meet in appearance, but... If you want to get a wide of the mark essay, value it on our website: OrderEssay.net

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Analysis of Antigone

As one of Sophocles? best-known theatrical roles, Antigone is a untried girl with a t furydy brewing inside of her because of her durable heart and rhombus will. Her mind is set upon burying her shamefaced br some some other against the rescript of his king-uncle Creon and their fated collide still rings true through the immortal athletics Antigone. Antigone, the tragic heroine in the play, is a well-developed character with complex backgrounds except straightforward motivations. Like her father Oedipus, she is happy and active, as we trick see from the first few lines of the play that Antigone has already obdurate to defy Creon?s decree and plotted the burial of her blood brother Polynices. Also, when the sentry dug the rotting dead consistency extinct by the order of Creon, Antigone is seen finishing the reburial of the body in merely a few lines down and we cannot do however marvel at the speed of her actions. Apart from the swiftness, Antigone is overly kind red her father in her forceful and elaborate rhetoric. As Oedipus speak with the authority of a king to his citizens, Antigone spoke with no little authority against a king. Where, one will wonder, did Antigone live on such power to speak as an exile and a woman?

While Oedipus obtained his confidence in his own merits and kingship, Antigone?s cou vehemence sourced not only from her inherited traits but from the sureness that the gods are on her side and that she is morally and ethically correct. such faith and reverence to the gods supported Antigone in every drift toward Creon and has helped her stay on the same course leading to the tightfitting of honoring both her beloved bro ther and the gods above. Creon, on the other! hand, is so blinded by his own pride and rage that he failed to see the... If you want to get a full essay, order it on our website: OrderEssay.net

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Young Goodman Brown

Young Goodman browned After reading Nathaniel Hawthornes Young Goodman brown, I was appalled. I developed an immediate distaste for the report card. nonpareil might movement then, wherefore did I choose it to critically analyze? And my solution to that is simply because I kept question why it had such an effect on me. Further more than, I was incite to find kayoed what part of Hawthornes writing got to me so. Through evaluating the floors strengths and weaknesses, I found that the address sketch of Young Goodman cook roughly effectively visualised his story and message making me olfactory sensation my distaste. As the story began, I became familiar with Young Goodman Brown and the journey he was about to go on. I was disposed little context on him so I was compelled to assume. be as the story is written in Puritan times, I figured Brown was much like any other Puritan: down the stairs constant self-examination to check that he is a sinner and totally u nworthy of Gods grace. My assumptions were prove right throughout the story. I started questioning Browns opinion in paragraph 17 where he says that he had gone as well far into the woods save he unconsciously resumes his walking. If he really felt that he was being led into sin, why didnt he turn approximately and go back to his wife Faith?

As the story progressed, the negative Brown became more prominent as he noticed the downbeat aspects of life and evilness more than he counted on his faith in the Almighty. His faith began to diminish and whither away clean as the twigs and little boughs did at the touch of the elder travelers fingers in paragraph 38. I weigh the dried up t wigs and boughs were a symbol of Browns weak! ening faith. And level offtually, even though Young Goodman Brown knows... If you want to get a full essay, order it on our website: OrderEssay.net

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Mark Twain American Author and Humorist

severalise duo American Author and Humorist 1835-1910 The mankind with a new nous is a lovesome until the idea succeeds. --Mark Twain -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Samuel Langhorne Clemens (pen name Mark Twain) was born on November 30, 1835 in Florida, Missouri. Twain is considered the greatest humorist of 19th Century American literature. His novels and stories about the disseminated sclerosis River: The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876) and Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1894) are electrostatic customary with modern readers. In 1839 the Clemens family move to Hannibal, Missouri, on the manuscript River where recent Sam experienced the excitement and colorful sights of the waterfront. same(p) some(prenominal) authors of his day he had little formal education. His education came from the electric receptacle shops and newspaper publisher offices where he worked as a youth. In 1853 Clemens unexhausted Hannibal with a yearning to displace. On a trip to impudently Orleans he persuaded a riverboat pilot to teach him his skill. By the Spring of 1859 Clemens was a licensed riverboat pilot. At the outbreak of the American well-mannered War (1861) Clemens chose not to compensate involved and moved to Carson City, Nevada. afterward an unsuccessful attempt at gold and eloquent mine he joined the staff of a newspaper in Virginia City, Nevada.

He eldest wrote under the pen name, Mark Twain (meaning two fathoms in riverboat-talk) in 1863. Twain wrote his first universal story, The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County in 1865. He continued to journey as a correspondent for mingled newspap ers, and in 1869 his travel letters from Eur! ope were collected into the popular book, The Innocents Abroad. Encouraged by his success Twain married Olivia Langdon and colonised down in Hartford, Connecticut to his most productive geezerhood as a writer. Between 1873 and 1889 he wrote seven novels including his Mississippi River books as... If you want to get a full essay, order it on our website: OrderEssay.net

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Brud På Rammerne - en redegørelse for det ændrede samfund

Brud På Rammerne Teksten, som dowsereatne redegørelse vil omhandle, er et uddrag af E. Stig Nielsens: Kroppen Her i Rummet Nu, som er udgivet i 1987. I uddraget, som nærmere bestemt omfatter side seks og syv af hideoutne tekst, beskrives det moderne samfund som havende nedbrudt de traditionelle rammer, der før i tiden gav folk identitet og mening med 54et. E. Stig Nielsen forsøger at forklare hvordan dette, mere eller mindre bevidste, brud med de faste rammer, skaber en form for identitetskrise. Teksten fungerer som en sammenligning af hvilken indflydelse faste rammer, eller mangel på samme, har haft på Det gamle og Det moderne, og tager afsæt i denne sammenligning til at redegøre for den modernistiske tankegang. Som sagt er uddragets hovedfokus de rammer som vi tilrettelægger vores fifty-four indenfor. Den lægger ud med at konstatere at i gamle dage, altså før 1800-tallets oprørske stemning, hang tingene sammen. Dermed menes at i gamle dage havde alt og alle p it faste plads i en verden af rammer, baseret på sædvane og tradition, og troen på gud. Når man opfyldte sin bestemte plads inden for disse rammer, havde man en fornemmelse af at alt hang sammen og at der var mening med livet. Og med disse indsnævrede rammer, var det enkelt for den enkelte person at finde sin plads i verden og sin identitet.

custody i slutningen af 1800-tallet, var disse rammer allerede ved at vakle. Kristendommen, som før havde været den vigtigste ressource til at opretholde rammerne, var ikke længere så magtfuld som før. Gud var død, som den tyske filosof Friedrich Nietzsche udtrykte det. Nietzsche fastslog derudover, at dette callød, at man ikke længere kunne støtte sig til kristendommen (eller ! nogle af de andre gamle rammer) i sin søgen efter identitet og mening med livet. Der var ingen forudbestemt skæbne... If you want to get a in effect(p) essay, assure it on our website: OrderEssay.net

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Franco -english Relations 1918-1945

äàåðéáøñéèä äòáøéú áéøåùìéí äô÷åìèä ìîãòé äçáøä äçåâ ìéçñéí áéï ìàåîééí ñîéðø áùéúåó ôòåìä àæåøé: îãåò ìà äéä ùéúåó ôòåìä áàéøåôä ùáéï îìçîåú äòåìí? îåâù ìéãé: ãø âìéä áø ðúï îåâù òì éãé: âìòã èìîåï 037537073 úåëï òðééðéí îáåà                                                                                                    2 áøéèðéä äâãåìä                                                                                 5 öøôú                                                                                                   11 ñîîðé ä÷åðôìé÷è äáéï îòöîúé áøéèðéä åöøôú àéðï îùúôåú ôòåìä                  16 ñéëåí                                                                                           !         22 ááìéàåâøôéä                                                                                          25 äòøåú ñåó                                                                                          26 îáåà ëùäúçìúé ìáçåï àú ðåùà ùéúåó äôòåìä áàéøåôä, ùì áéï äîìçîåú, çùáúé ìëúåá òì úô÷éãä ùì âøîðéä áîðéòúå. ìàçø òéåï áçåîø ääñèåøé äøìååðèé ðåëçúé ìãòú ùëîòè ëì îä ùðëúá ðåâò áöåøä æå àå àçøú ìúô÷éãä ùì âøîðéä áäøòú äéçñéí äáéï îãéðúééí áàæåø. äòéåï áçåîø äàéø àú òéðé ìòåáãä ùâí áéï äîãéðåú ùäåáéìå àú äîìçîä ðâã âøîðéä, áîìçîú äòåìí äøàùåðä, ìà äéä ùéúåó ôòåìä ùì îîù, ìôçåú òã îîù ìôðé îìçîú äòåìí äùðéä. âí àæ ìà ùéúåó ôà ²Ã¥Ã¬Ã¤ (ìäìï ùúô) îÃ! ¬Ã  áðéäï. äçìèúé ìáãå÷ îä äéå äâåøîéí ìçåñø ùéúåó ôòåìä æä. îãåò çùáúé ùàôùø ìãåï áëìì áéçñé öøôú áøéèðéä áú÷åôä ääéà ëùúô àæåøé? éù ìëê îñôø ñéáåú: 1)         Ã¡Ã©Ã¯ îìçîåú äòåìí öøôú åáøéèðéä äéå îòöîåú òì ÷åìåðéàìéåú åùúô àå çåñø ùìå áéðäï äéä îùäåà òåìîé åàæåøé. 2)          äéçñéí áéï áøéèðéä ìöøôú äùôéòå òì ëì àéøåôä ëåìä îæøç åîòøá. 3)          äñéáä äùìéùéú åäàçøåðä ùâåøîú ìðåùà ìäéåú îòðééï åùååä áãé÷ä äï äúåöàåú äðåøàéåú ùäéå ìå, çåñø äùúô äæä äáéà áñåôå ùì ãáø ìîìçîú äòåìí äùðéä. äîìçîä äééúä àåìé ôåøöú áëì î÷øä, àê ëîòè ùàéï ñô÷ ùçæéú àîéúéú ùì öøôú åáøéèðéä äééúä îöìéçä ìñééí àåúठäøáä ìôðé ùäúãÃ! ƒÂ¸ÃƒÂ£ÃƒÂ¸ÃƒÂ¤ ìîìçîä äæååòúéú ùäééúä. ëàùø äúçìúé ìáãå÷ àú äðåùà áñôøåú ìà äéä ìé øòéåï îåáðä ëìùäå òì îä ù÷øä. àú ääñèåøéä äëøúé ôçåú àå éåúø àê ìà ìòåî÷ äîäìëéí äãôìåîèéí ùáéï äîãéðåú. äëøúé ø÷ àú äùúìùìåú äîàåøòåú. ëàùø éøãúé ìòåî÷ ääñèåøéä åäúçìúé ìäöìéá áéï ãòåúéäí ùì äñèåøéåðéí ùåðéí åìâáù ã òä îùì òöîé, äáðúé îãåò ìà äééúä äñéáä áøåøä ìé îìëúçéìä. äòåìí òáø ùéðåééí øáéí îàæ ùðåú äòùøéí åäàøáòéí. àçú îäúäôåëåú äâãåìåú áéåúø ù÷øå äééúä îåú äàéôøéàìéæí òí éøéãú ëåçä ùì àéøåôä, ìàçø îìçîú äòåìí äùðéä. äñéáä äòé÷øéú (ëîå ùàåëéç áîäìê äñîéðø) ìçåñø áùúô áéï áøéèðéä ìöøôú, áú÷åôä äîã åáøú, ðòåöä áñéÃ! ¸Ã¥Ã¡ áøéèé îúîùê ìäúòøá, áöåøä îçééáú, ááøéúåú äâðä úåê àéøåôàéåú áéï äùðéí 1919 òã ìîòùä ìôøåõ îìçîú äòåìí äùðéä. áøéèðéä úåôñú àú òöîä ëàéîôøéä òåìîéú äîùúøòú îäàééí äáøéèéí ìäåãå, äîæäú, àåñèøìéä, àôøé÷ä åëå. öøôú øåàä áòöîä, ìîøåú ä÷åìåðéåú ùìä áøçáé äòåìí, ÷åãí ëì ëåç àéøåôàé. äúðâùåú äúôéà ±Ã¥Ãº äæå áéï ùúé äîòöîåú äéà ùìà îàôùøú ìäï ùéúåó ôòåìä àîéúé. áòåã ùöøôú úðñä ìâøåø àú äáøéèéí ìúåê àéøåôä, î÷åí áå äéà îåãàâú áéåúø ìáéèçåðä, áëãé ùæå úòæåø ìä ìùîåø òì äãåîéððèéåú äéçñéú ùìä, áøéèðéä äúòðééðä éåúø áîúøçù á÷åìåðéåú ùìä. äîùàáéí äøáéí ùáøéèðéä äù÷éòä áàéîôøéä ùìä åäëåç äéà §Ã±Ã© ùäéà ùàáä îî! ðä äí ùòåùéí àåúä ìî÷åø òåöîúä äáéðì. äáñéñ äìåâé òìéå àðé îáññ àú äðçåúéé åìàåøå àðé îôøù àú äòåáãåú ääéñèåøéåú áäï ðú÷ìúé ðç áôøãéâîä äøàìéñèéú ìç÷ø äéçáì. ëì äîäìëéí äöøôúéí åäáøéèéí îôåøùéí òì ôé ãéìîú äáéèçåï. äîãéðåú ÷åãí ëì éãàâå ìáéèçåðï. áøéèðéä àéðä îòåðéðú áöøôú çæ÷ä åãåîéððà¨ÃƒÂ©ÃƒÂº îéãé áàéøåôä. öøôú ëëåç éçéã áàéøåôä äîòøáéú äééúä îäååä àéåí ôåèðöéàìé ìàééí äáøéèéí. áøéèðéä îòåðéðú áâøîðéä çæ÷ä ùúîðò îöøôú àú äéëåìú ìäúòîú àí áøéèðéä îôçã ùì çæéú ëôåìä. îöá ëæä ùì îàæï ëåçåú úåê àéøåôé îùàéø àú áøéèðéä äîáåããú ìòéðéðéä ëöã ìà îòåøá. áøéèðéä îùúîùú áçéæå÷ âøîðéà ƒÂ¤ áëãé ìäâï îôðÃÂ! © öøôú áî÷åí äúçîùåú îùì òöîä. âåøí ðåñó ìàåúå çåñø áùéúåó ôòåìä áéï äîòöîåú ðáò îäôòøéí äòöåîéí ùäéå áéï äãøê ùáä úôñå äîòöîåú àú ëåçï äéçñé ìáéï äãøê ùäï ðúôñå òé ùëðåúéäï. âí öøôú åâí áøéèðéä äéå áèåçåú ëì àçú ùäùðéä çæ÷ä éåúø îîä ùäééúä áàîú. âåøí æä çùåá ëé ìîòùä àí áøéèðéä äééúä éåãòú òà ƒÂ£ ëîä çìùä öøôú éù ñéëåé ùäéà äééúä òåæøú ìä ëðâã äàéåí äðàöé òåã áúçéìúå ìîøåú ùëîå ùðøàä òæøä æå äééúä îåâáìú îîä ù÷éåå äöøôúéí îëéååï ùâí áøéèðéä ëáø ìà äééúä äîòöîä ùì 1914. áëãé ìäåëéç àú ëì ùàîøúé àùúîù áòé÷ø áçåîø äñèåøé. ìðéúåç äçåîø ääñèåøé åáëãé ùäñîéðø ìà éäéä ø÷ ñéôåø îòùä àìà âí áò ì âååï àðìéèé àÃ! ¹ÃºÃ®Ã¹ áôøãéâîä äùìèú áàåúä ú÷åôä (äôøãéâîä äøàìéñèéú) áëãé ìäñáéø àú îäìëé äùç÷ðéí äîòåøáéí. àúçéì áø÷ò ëììé òì îöá ëì àçú îäîòöîåú áñéåîä ùì îìçîú äòåìí äøàùåðä. àîùéê ááçéðú ëîä î÷øéí îéöâéí ùì ùéúåó ôòåìä ùéëåì äéä ìäéåú àê ðîðò áâìì ñéøåá äáøéèéí ìäúçééá áàéøåôä. ìáñåó àðñä ìàåø ëì îä ùà ƒÂ´ÃƒÂ©ÃƒÂ¸ÃƒÂ¨ÃƒÂºÃƒÂ© ìäñáéø àú àåúå ñéøåá òé÷áé ùì áøéèðéä ìäúòøá áðòùä áàéøåôä. áøéèðéä äâãåìä ø÷ò ëììé: áøéèðéä ùì ùðåú äòùøéí åäùìåùéí ùì äîàä ä-20 àéððä ãåîä ìáøéèðéä ùì éîéðå àðå. áøéèðéä äéà àéîôøéä òåìîéú, ùèçä (ëåìì ä÷åìåðéåú) ðôøù òì çîùú äéáùåú åòì 13,780,000 îééì øáåò . çì÷ ðéëø îäàéîôøéä îåù÷ò á÷åìà¥ÃƒÂ°ÃƒÂ©ÃƒÂ¥ÃƒÂº: äåãå, îöøé! í, ôìñèéðä éøãï òéøà÷ åîãéðåú ä÷åîåðååìó (commonwealth). äñçø äáøéèé áøåáå úìåé àéîôøéä (úåôòä ùîçøéôä òí äîùáø äëìëìé). äéöåø äáøéèé ðîöà áéøéãä îúîãú áéï î-1920 åëê âí çì÷ä äéçñé ùì áøéèðéä áñçø äòåìîé . äúìåú äáøéèéú áàîôøéä îùìéëä âí òì ãå÷èøéðú äáéèçåï äáøéèéú. äáøéèéí øåàéí àú áéèçåðí, àçøé îìçîú ä òåìí äøàùåðä, ãøê òéðééí àéîôøéàìéåú. äñëðåú äòé÷øéåú äï ì÷åìåðéåú åìðúéáé äñçø, áòéåúéä ùì áøéèðéä äàîôøéàìéú äï âìåáìéåú ìà àéøåôàéåú, äàéåí òì áøéèðéä îçæéú àéøåôä ðøàä ìäí øçå÷, ìà îéãé åäí ôåòìéí ëì äæîï áëãé ìùîåø æàú ëê. áøéèðéä ðäôëú ìîòöîú ñèèåñ ÷åå òåìîéú àéï ìä àéðèøñ ìøàåú úäô åëåú âãåìåú áîÃÂ!  ÃƒÂ¦ÃƒÂ¯ äëåçåú, úäôåëåú ùòìåìåú ìâøåø àéîï îìçîä ùúçìéù àú äéëåìú äâìåáìéú äáøéèéú. áàéøåôä ìòåîú æàú áøéèðéä ðçùáú ìøååæéåðéñèéú áòåãä îðñä ìàæï àú çìå÷ú äòåöîä áéï âøîðéä ìöøôú. ãéìîú äáéèçåï äáøéèéú: áú÷åôä ùîéã ìàçø îìçîú äòåìí äøàùåðä ìáøéèðéä àéï ìîòùä úôéñä ùì ãéìîú áéèçåï. áéåìé, 1919, à®ÃƒÂ«ÃƒÂ¸ÃƒÂ©ÃƒÂ¦ ä÷áéðè äáøéèé òì ëê ùäàéîôøéä äáøéèéú ìà úäéä îòåøáú áîìçîä âãåìä ìôçåú áòùø ùðéí ä÷øåáåú. (ìäìï ëìì òùø äùðéí). ëìì òùø äùðéí àåîõ áúëðåï äàñèøèâé åáàéùåø äú÷öéáéí ìöáà. äöáà ðäôê ìëåç ùéèåø áàéîôøéä, åìà ðøàä àéåí îîòöîä æøä ìáøéèðéä áèååç äæîï ä÷øåá. á-1928 ùéëðò öøöéì (Churchill) àæ ùø äàåöø äà¡ÃƒÂ¸ÃƒÂ©ÃƒÂ¨ÃƒÂ©, àú äåòãä ä! áøéèéú ìòðééðéé áéèçåï ìàîõ àú äëìì áúëðåï ìèååç àøåê ùìäí. áëì æàú áøéèðéä àéðä çñøú àéåîéí çéöåðééí. äàåéáéí äòé÷øééí ìôé äúôéñä äáøéèéú äí äéôðéí äîéìéèðèéí áîæøç äøçå÷ ( î-1931 òã 1936 åáãéòáã âí áîìçîú äòåìí äùðéä). ìéôðéí éù öé âãåì áîæøç, âãåì îäöé äáøéèé ùîåöá áàåúå àæåø. ìéôðéí ùìèåï îéìé èðèé ùãåâì áäúøçáåú åáîöéàú éôï àú î÷åîä äèáòé áéï àåîåú äòåìí. äéôðéí îúçéìéí áîìçîú ääúøçáåú ùìäí àì úåê ñéï áùðåú äùìåùéí åäáøéèéí øåàéí àéåí ôåèðöéàìé ìàåñèøìéä åì÷åìåðéåú äáøéèéåú áôéìéôéðéí åáîæøç äøçå÷ áëìì. àéåí ãåîä, áîæøç äúéëåï, îäååéí ìáøéèéí äàéèì÷éí. àéèìéä éåöàú îîìçîຠäòåìí äøàùåðä Ã! ƒÂ«ÃƒÂ ÃƒÂ§ÃƒÂº îäîòöîåú äîðöçåú àê äéà àéðä î÷áìú àú çì÷ä (ìúôéñúä) áùèçéí åä÷åìåðéåú ùðëáùéí. áðåñó òì ëê ùàéèìéä øåöä ìú÷ï àú äòååì ùðòùä ìä áçìå÷ú äòåìí ìàçø îìçîú äòåìí äøàùåðä, àéèìéä îçæé÷ä öé âãåì áîæøç äúéëåï åìëï äéà îäååä àéåí òì äàéðèøñéí äáøéèéí áôìñèéðä åîöøéí (úòìú ñåàõ) . î-36 øåàéí äáøéà¨ÃƒÂ©ÃƒÂ­ ááøéäî àú äàéåí äîøëæé ìùìåí äàéîôøéä áâìì àéåí ùìä òì äâáåì äîùåúó ùìä òí äåãå, ä÷åìåðéä äáøéèéú äçùåáä áéåúø . äáøéèéí òåã ÷åãí øàå ááøéäî àéåí åàó øàå áâøîðéä äîåáñú ôúøåï ôåèðöéàìé ìàåúå àéåí. ðàåí ùì öîáøìéï îáäéø æàú . äð÷åãä ùøöéúé ìäòáéø äéà ùäáøéèéí ëìì àéðí úåôñéí àú âøîðéä ëà éåí ìàåøê øåá úÃ! ·Ã¥Ã´Ãº áéï äîìçîåú. âøîðéä ðúôñú áøàéä äáøéèéú ëîãéðä çìùä, ìà çîåùä ùéù ìù÷îä áëãé ìäùúîù áä ëðâã äëåçåú äàéøåôéí äàçøéí. áøéèðéä ëìì àéðä øåàä áðàöéæí àéåí ëàùø äåà òåìä ìùìèåï áâøîðéä. äâéùä äéà ùîä ùîúðâã ì÷åîåðéæí éëì ìäåòéì ìéöéáåú äòåìîéú -àåúä îñëðéí áòé÷ø ä÷åîåðéñèéí. áäúçìä äîòöî åú òåã îàîéðåú ìäéèìø ùëååðåúéå äï ø÷ ìú÷ï àú äòååì ùðòùä ìâøîðéä áäñëîé åøñàé. (òååì ùäáøéèéí äéå îåãòéí ìå åðéñå ìöîöí òåã áçúéîú ääñëîéí àê ìëê ðâéò îàåçø éåúø). äúøç÷åú ä÷åìåðéåú äáøéèéåú: äçùéáåú ùì äàéîôøéä ìáøéèéí äéà ëìëìéú áîäåúä, ìàçø äîùáø áëìëìé äñçø äòåìîé äôê ìúìåé âåùéí å÷à¥ÃƒÂ®ÃƒÂ¥ÃƒÂ°ÃƒÂ¥ÃƒÂ¥ÃƒÂ¬ÃƒÂ³ äåà âåÃ! ¹ äñçø äáøéèé. òã ñåó ùðåú äòùøéí ëùðé ùìéùéí îäù÷òåú äçåõ äáøéèéåú åëçöé îäñçø äáéï ìàåîé ùì áøéèðéä æøîå ìàîôøéä. äàîôøéä ðäôëä ìâåó ìéáøìé ùáøéèðéä áîøëæå. áøéèðéä äæøéîä úåöøú úòùééúéú ìîåùáåú åäï áúîåøä ñô÷å ìä úåöøú ç÷ìàéú åîçöáéí âåìîééí. äàîôøéä äééúä ìùèç äîçééä ùì áøéèðéä, áéú ìàëìåñéä äòåãôú ùìä åî÷åí ìäæøîú øòéåðåúéä äìéáøìéí çáøúééí. áî÷áéì ìäúâáøåú äúìåú äáøéèéú áàîôøéä äéà äçìä ìäúôåøø. ìàçø îìçîú äòåìí äøàùåðä åëúåöàä îéãéú ùìä äçìå ä÷åìåðéåú äáøéèéåú áòìåú äùìèåï äòöîé ìá÷ù ãéåï îçãù áîòîãï áàéîôøéä. á-1922 æåëä ãøåí àéøìðã áòöîàåú. ìàçø äöäøú áìôåø î-1926 åäç÷é÷ä ùéöàä Ã! ƒÂ®ÃƒÂ¥ÃƒÂ¥ÃƒÂ±ÃƒÂ¨ÃƒÂ®ÃƒÂ©ÃƒÂ°ÃƒÂ±ÃƒÂ¨ÃƒÂ¸ (The Westminster Statute) á-1931 ùàø äçáøåú äùåðåú á÷åîåðååìó ÷áìå ìîòùä òöîàåú îìàä àí îãéðéåú çåõ òöîàéú . áîðãèéí äáøéèéí äùåðéí (áàôøé÷ä, éùøàì, éøãï, äåãå åëå) äúðäìä îìçîú âøéìä ùàéìöä àú äáøéèéí ìäôòéì àú öáàí áàåôï àéðèðñéáé òì îðú ìùîåø òì àô÷èéáéåú ùìèåðí åäñãø äöéáåøé . ä÷åìåðéåú ìà äéå îà ƒÂ¥ÃƒÂ«ÃƒÂ°ÃƒÂ¥ÃƒÂº ìöàú ìîìçîä áâìì áòéåú àéøåôàéåú. ãåâîä ìëê äéà úâåáú ä÷åîåðååìó ìäùúìèåú äâøîðéú òì öëåñìåá÷éä. á-1 ìñôèîáø, 1938, øàùé äîîùìåú ùì ãøåí àôøé÷ä åàåñèøìéä äëøéæå ùàéï áëååðú îãéðåúéäí ìäúòøá öáàéú ìöã áøéèðéä. á- 24 ðöéâé ðéå æéìðã, ãøåí àôøé÷ä, ÷ðãä åàåñèøìéä áìåðãåï äëøéæå ùàñåø ìäöòåú äà ƒÂ¢ÃƒÂ¸ÃƒÂ®ÃƒÂ°ÃƒÂ©ÃƒÂ¥ÃƒÂº áîåî òí! öîáøìééï ìäéäôê ì-casus belli . á- 28 ìçåãù àéùø äôøìîðè äãøåí àôøé÷àé äöòä ìðéèøìéåú, ôä àçã. ìîøåú äúøç÷åú æå ùì ä÷åìåðéåú áôï äöáàé îäçìèåú äîøëæ ááøéèðéä ìà ôçúä úìåúä ùì áøéèðéä á÷åìåðéåú. äîãéðéåú äáøéèéú ðùàøä àçú ùì àçãåú äàéîôøéä áëì îçéø. ìàåø äîùáø öåèè öîáøìéï áàåîøå: There us no point in fighting a war that would snap off the British Empire, while trying to secure the safety of the conjugated Kingdom . äôöéôéæí ááøéèðéä: äúçåùä ùáøéèðéä, ëîå áùàø àéøåôä, ìàçø îìçîú äòåìí äøàùåðä äééúä ùìòåìí ìà éúðå ìîìçîä ùëæå ìôøåõ ùåá. éåæîåú ôéøå÷ äðù÷ åöîöåí ääù÷òä ááéèçåï äú÷áìå ááøëä ááøéèðéä. áøéèðéä äúàôééðä áúçåùú ãçééä ëìôé îìçîä ùáìèä áîéåçã áöã äùîàìé ùì äîôä äôåìéà¨ÃƒÂ©ÃƒÂº àê äééúä ÷ééÃ! ƒÂ®ÃƒÂº âí áîøëæ áéîéï. äùîàì ùìàçø äîìçîä éåöâ òé äìééáåø, äéä ôöéôéñèé áîäåúå åúîê áùéúåó ôòåìä òåìîé (áîåðçé äéåí àéøåôàé òí, àåìé àøäá) ìôéøå÷ ðù÷ åîðéòú îìçîä . äéîéï úîê áôéøå÷ ðù÷ îîðéòéí ú÷öéáééí àê òã ìâáåì äéëåìú äáøéèéú ìäâï òì äàéîôøéä. äúçåùä áøçåá åáöáà äáøéèé äéå ùì ééàåù îîìçîä ëà¥ÃƒÂ¬ÃƒÂ¬ÃƒÂº åôçã îîä ùéáéà äùéîåù áðù÷ îåãøðé. áéèåé ìúçåùåú àéìå àôùø ìîöåà áðàåí ùì îåîçä ìúòåôä ùðàí áôðé äôøìîðè äáøéèé áñåó 1932: I think it is well for the man of the absorb to realize that there is no power on military personnel which can protect him from being bombed. Whatever people whitethorn tell him, the bomber volition always get do¦ the only defense is in offense, which means that you have to exempt off more women and children more quickly than the enemy if you indigence to present yourselves . äðàåí äæä öåèè ùåá åùåá òé âåøîé àåôåæéöéä åàøâåðéà ƒÂ­ ôöéôéñèéí. äåÃÂ!   ðåúï áéèåé áøåø ìäìê äøåç ùùìè áøçåá åáäðäâä äáøéèéí. æîï ÷öø ìàçø îëï áðåáîáø 1932 úà ôåìéèé áàå÷ñôåøã áùí ä- the Oxford Union äëøéæ ùàðùé ìà éîåúå ìîòï äîìê åäîãéðä . á-16 ìàå÷èåáø, 1933 ìàçø ôøéùúä ùì âøîðéä îäåòéãä ìôéøå÷ äðù÷ ùðòøëä áâðáä äúáèà îðäéâ äàåôåæéöéä ááøéèðéä, âåøâ ìðñáøé (George Lansbury) ðâã âøîðéä áîéìà ©Ã­ àéìå: We who belong to the pink of my John gallery cannot for a split second consent to the rearmament of Germ some(prenominal) éåîééí ìàçø îëï äåà äåñéó åàîø: On behalf of the Labour Party, I have to learn we shall fend for the rearmament of Germany. We shell demand that the British government shall select the play and call upon all its associates themselves to unarm and thus carry disclose the pledges given to Germany in 1919. This is a matter of follow¦ äåà äîùéê áàåîøå: We will not support an increase in armaments only if we shall too refuse to support our own or any other(a) government in an endeavour to apply penalties or sanctions against Germany. No one will ask for these if great nations immediately, considerably disarm and continue until universal disarmament is accomplished ðàåîéå ùì îðà ¤Ã©Ã¢ äàåôåæéöéä Ã! ƒÂ¤ÃƒÂ¡ÃƒÂ¸ÃƒÂ©ÃƒÂ¨ÃƒÂ©ÃƒÂº îáèàéí áöåøä äéôä áéåúø àú äøåç äôöéôéñèéú ùùìèä ááøéèðéä. çéîåùä îçãù ùì âøîðéä åäñëðåú ùáàåú òéîå ìà äöìéçå ìäáéà àôéìå îôìâä àçú (ìîòè äéîéï ä÷éöåðé äáøéèé) ááéú äðáçøéí äáøéèé ì÷øåà ìçéîåù îçãù àå ìàéæå ùäéà ôòåìä ðâã âøîðéä. äøåç äùìèú äééúä ùì ôéøå÷ ðù÷ åäéîðòåú îëì òéîåú çà ®Ã¥Ã¹ àå àéåí ùì îìçîä ÷øáä . á-1934 îå÷í ááøéèðéä äàéâåã äùáåòä ìùìåí, àøâåï ôöéôéñèé ùá-1935 ëáø îöìéç ìäùéâ 11 îìéåï çúéîåú òì îñîê ùìå ùð÷øà äöáòä ìùìåí. äöéáåø äáøéèé ìà øöä îìçîä åìà äéä îåëï ìùìí àôéìå òáåø äîéðéîåí ùäéä ãøåù ìäâðúå. ëàùø á-1936, öîáøìééï îòáéø áôøìîðè úåëðéú çéîåù îçãù ùúúáöò ìàåøê 4 ùðéí (òì áñéñä Ã! °Ã¡Ã°Ã¤ äëåç äáøéèé ùðìçí áîìçîú äòåìí äùðéä) èòðä äàåôåæéöéä ùäåà îçøçø îìçîä, ôåâò áùëáåú äçìùåú åëå. äìê äøåç äæä ùùìè ááøéèðéä ùì àçøé îìçîú äòåìí äøàùåðä éòæåø ìé ìäñáéø ìàçø îëï îãåò äéññä áøéèðéä ìúîåê áöøôú åìúú ìä òøáåéåú ìùìåîä àì îåì âøîðéä. áøéèðéä ìà éëìä, ìà îáçéðú çåñï ìàåîé åìà  îáçéðú îùàáéí öáàééí ìòæåø ìöøôú. öøôú ðúôñä áòéðé äáøéèéí ëàéåí ìñèèåñ ÷åå ùòìåì ìäáéà ìîìçîä. äîùáø äëìëìé: äîùáø äëìëìé äçì á-1929, äåà äéä ëì ëê çîåø òã ùòåøø çùùåú àîéúééí ìäúôåøøåú äçáøä ááøéèðéä åìîéèåè îòîãä äâìåáàìé. äñçø äáøéèé éøã á-40 àçåæ. äáøéèéí, áöòã ðåàù ðèùå àú äöîãú äôàåðã ìæà¤ÃƒÂ¡. äôàåðã äáøéèÃ! ƒÂ© ôåçú, äöéáåø àéáã áå àîåï. ëçîéùéú îëåç äòáåãä äîáåèç ááéèåç ìàåîé äéä îåáèì. àéæåï äú÷öéá ðúôñ ëãøê ìäçìîú äëìëìä åäçáøä, äáøéèéí ä÷ôéãå òì ùîéøú äîéñåé áîéðéîåí åòì ùìéèä îçîéøä åã÷ã÷ðéú òì äåöàåú äîîùìä. àôéìå ëàùø, ìàçø îùáø îðöåøéä, ðñåâå äáøéèéí îëìì òùø äùðéí, òãééï äæãøæ îùøã äàåà ¶Ã¸ äáøéèé ìöàú áäöäøä ùàéï áîöá úéøåõ ìëåçåú ääâðä äáøéèéí ìôøåõ àú îñâøåú äú÷öéá, æàú áâìì äîöá äëìëìé ä÷ùä áå ðîöàú áøéèðéä . äáøéèéí äéå îòãéôéí ìôòåì áùéúåó ôòåìä áéðì ìäáøàú äëìëìä äâìåáàìéú àê äôøåè÷öéåðéæí ùìè áëìëìä äòåìîéú åäáøéèéí ðàìöå ìôòåì áàåúä ùéèä. äáøéèéí ðèùå àú äñçø ä çåôùé åôðå åôøÃÂ! ¥ÃƒÂ¨ÃƒÂ·ÃƒÂ¶ÃƒÂ©ÃƒÂ¥ÃƒÂ°ÃƒÂ©ÃƒÂ¦ÃƒÂ­ ôðéí àéîôøéàìé. á-1932 áàåèååä (Ottawa) çúîå áøéèðéä åäãåîéðéåðéí (ùáùìá æä ëáø äéå òöîàééí) òì äñëí ùäôê àú äàîôøéä ìâåù ëìëìé äîåâï òé îëñéí åîñâøåú éáåà îåâáìåú îîãéðåú ùîçåöä ìå). ñéëåí: äàéîôøéä äáøéèéú éåöàú îîìçîú äòåìí äøàùåðä ëîòöîä îðöçú. äîáðä äçáøúé åäùìèåðé ùìä ìà ðôâòéí åàà ©Ã¯ äéà çååä àú äæòæåòéí ùçåå äîòöîåú äàçøåú ëîå öøôú, òì àãîúä ðåäìä äîìçîä åàáãåúéä äéå òöåîåú àå âøîðéä åøåñéä ùùìèåðï äúîåèè. äàéîôøéä äáøéèéú ø÷ âãìä áùèçä ëàùø äéà î÷áìú îðãè òì ùèçéí øáéí ùì äàéîôøéä äòåúåîðéú åä÷åìåðéåú äâøîðéåú ìùòáø. áëì æàú òáøå òì äàéîôøéä äáøéèéú, úäìéëéí çáø úééí åîáðééí ùÃÂ! ¹ÃƒÂ©ÃƒÂ°ÃƒÂ¥ àú ôðéä åéòæøå ìé ìäñáéø îàåçø éåúø àú äúðâãåúä ìäùúúó ìöã öøôú áîäìëéí äôåìéèéí äôðéí àéøåôàéí. äàéîôøéä âãìä àê îúôåøøú ìâåôéí òöîàééí ùìà îçåéáéí ìîãéðéåú äçåõ äáøéèéú. çùåá ìäáéï ùáâìì äçåìùä äöáàéú äáøéèéú åäöåøê ùìä ìäâï òì ëìì äàéîôøéä (àæåøé äîðãè åä÷åìåðéåú) àéï áøéèðéä îà²ÃƒÂ¥ÃƒÂ°ÃƒÂ©ÃƒÂ°ÃƒÂº áâåó àçã äâîåðé áàéøåôä. ëàùø àéøåôä îôåøãú åðîöàú áñèèåñ ÷åå ùì îàæï ëåçåú áøéèðéä éëåìä ìúàâã ìöã äçìù áùòú îùáø åëê ìîðåò îìçîä. ëê òáãä äîòøëú òã îìçîú äòåìí äøàùåðä. ëåç ãåîéððèé àçã áàéøåôä àå àéøåôä îàåçãú îäååéí ñëðä ìáéèçåðä ùì áøéèðéä. áî÷øä ëæä áøéèðéä úàìõ ìøëæ àú ëåçåúà©ÃƒÂ¤ äöáàééí ìäâðÃ! º äàé åìà úåëì ìùîåø òì äù÷è áàéîôøéä àå òì ðúéáé äñçø ùìä. äáøéèéí çæøå ìáéãåã ùìäí îîðéòéí ëìëìééí, áéèçåðééí åáâìì äìê øåç ùì ôöéôéæí åçåñø øöåï ìäúòøá ùùìè áçáøä äáøéèéú. îðéòéí àéìå éâøîå ìäí ìäúøç÷ îöøôú åàôéìå áîéãä îñåéîú ìúîåê áâøîðéä. öøôú ëììé: öøôú ùì 1918 äéà îòöîä àéøåôéú áòé÷øठìîøåú ùéù ìä ÷åìåðéåú åàæåøé îðãè áàôøé÷ä, áîæäú, áãøåí àîøé÷ä åîæøç äøçå÷. äéà ðôøñú òì ôðé ë- 4,200,000 îéìéåï îééì øáåò . öøôú øåàä áðéöçåï ùìä òì âøîðéä äæãîðåú ìð÷îä. áòøé öøôú òåã æåëøéí àú ääôñã ùì 1870 åàú äñëí äîùôéì ùòìéå äåëøçå ìçúåí. áîìçîä äàçøåðä ðäøâå ë- 1,315,000 îáðéä, ë-27 àçåæ îäâáøéí áðé âéìàé 1 8 òã 27, îëä ÷ùä îæå! ùðçúä òì ùàø äîùúúôåú áîìçîä ìîòè ñøáéä . äöøôúéí äéå ðçåùéí áãòúí ìäùéá ìâøîðéä ëâîåìä. äñëí äùìåí ùðçúí áåøñàé ðñá ëåìå ñáéá ôéøå÷ä ùì âøîðéä îðù÷, ùèçéí åîùàáéí ëìëìééí. äîàá÷ äöøôúé ìîéâåø ëåçä ùì âøîðéä ëîòöîä äãåîéððèéú áàéøåôä äéååä àú îøëæ îãéðéåú äçåõ ùìä áùðéí ùì áéï äîìçîåú . öà ¸Ã´Ãº âí äéà, àí ëé îîðéòéí ùåðéí îùì áøéèðéä, îòöîú ñèèåñ ÷åå. ãéìîú äáéèçåï äöøôúéú: îèøúí ùì äöøôúéí äééúä ìäáèéç ùâøîðéä ìòåìí ìà úùåá ìàééí òì öøôú. äðéöçåï äéä äñéëåé ùìäí ìòöåø àú äéøéãä äîúîãú áîòîãí äáéðì ùçìä ìàåøê äîàä ä-19. öøôú äçæé÷ä áöáà äéáùúé äâãåì áéåúø åáàçã äöééí äâãåìéí áòåà¬ÃƒÂ­. ì÷çéä äàñèøè! âééí îîìçîú äòåìí äøàùåðä äéå ëåìí äâðúééí. äàãîä äöøôúéú ðçùáä ì÷ãåùä, áëê áä ìéãé áéèåé ëåçí äôåìéèé äâãåì ùì äàéëøéí áàåîä äöøôúéú. äîçùáä äöáàéú äöøôúéú äúøëæä áîðéòú ôìéùä ìùèçä . ëàùø éåùáú äåòãä äöáàéú äöøôúéú á-1922 åùåàìú àú òöîä îäéà äãøê äèåáä ìäâï òì äàåîä äöøôúéú îôìéùä òúéãéú ù ì äâøîðéí (ùëåìí äéå áèåçéí ùúáåà îúé ùäåà) äí îðúçéí àú ìåçîú çéì äøâìéí äöøôúé áîìçîú äòåìí äøàùåðä. äìçéîä áçôéøåú, ìîøåú ùòìúä áîàåú àìôé çééí, äöìéçä ìáìåí àú äôìéùä äâøîðéú. äåòãä îçìéèä ìéöåø ֌ áéöåøéí ÷áåò åáìúé çãéø ìàåøê âáåìä äîæøçé ùì öøôú. áîùê ùáò ùðéí äúãééðå äöøôúéí òì äãøê áä àîåø ìäéåú áÃ! °Ã¥Ã© ֌ äáéöåøéí ëàùø äí îøéöéí ëì ôòí îçãù àú ì÷çé ä÷øá áåøãï áúåø ãåâîä ììçéîä äòúéãéú. ëåìí îñëéîéí ù÷å äáéöåøéí öøéê ìäéåú øöåó åëê éëåì ìäéåú ùàôéìå éøúéò àú äâøîðéí îìôìåù. ëàùø ëì öáàåú äòåìí úøâìå îìçîä ðòä äöøôúéí äúáöøå áâáåìí åäôëå àú öáàí ìðééç. (òåáãä ùðâãä ìçìåèéï àú äàñøèâéä ä îãéðéú ùìäí ëîå ùàøàä îàåçø éåúø) . áøéúåú äâðä: öøôú îåãòú ìçåìùúä äéçñéú ìàåøê æîï îåì âøîðéä åîðñä ìáåãã àåúä áòæøú ñãøú áøéúåú öáàéåú ùáàå ëáéëåì ìäáèéç àú äùìåí áàéøåôä. áøéèðéä ñéøáä ìëøåú áøéú äâðä òí öøôú, âí îîùìú äìééáåø åâí îîùìú äùîøðéí ñéøáå ìäöòåú öøôúéåú ðôøãåú ìëøåú áøéúåà º äâðä. äöòåú öøÃÂ! ´ÃƒÂºÃƒÂ©ÃƒÂ¥ÃƒÂº ìúú áéãé çáø äìàåîéí ëåç öáàé îùîòåúé ùéåëì ìàëåó àú äùìåí òì àåîåú úå÷ôðéåú ðãçå ôòîééí, âí áæðáä åâí áåòéãú ëéðåï äçáø. äàîøé÷àéí åäáøéèéí ôçãå îðéöåì ìøòä ùì ëåç ùëæä òì éãé äöøôúéí. äçùã ìà äéä îùåìì éñåã, äìåáé äúòùééúé äöøôúé øöä ìðöì àú äùðéí ùìàçø îìçîú äòåìí äøàùåðä áëãé ìçñì àú äúòùééä äâøîðéú åòì éãé ëê ìäùéâ äâîåðéä àéøåôàéú . öøôú îåöàú àú áòìåú áøéúä äèáòéåú á÷øá îãéðåú äáì÷ï. á-1921 çåúîú öøôú òì áøéú äâðä òí ôåìéï. á-1924 ìáøéú òí öëåñìåá÷éä á-1926 òí øåîðéä åá1927 àí éåâåñìáéä. öëåñìåá÷éä, øåîðéä, åéåâåñìáéä çúîå òì áøéúåú áéðï ìáéï òöîï òåã á- 11920 åëê ðëðñú öøôú ìáøéú ä÷è ðä (Little Entente). öøôú îú! çééáú ìà ø÷ ìàëéôú äñëí åøñàé àìà ìàëéôú äñãø äàéøåôé ëåìå. ëì æä áòåã öáàä òåáø (ëîå ùäøàéúé ÷åãí) úäìéëéí ùìå÷çéí îîðå àú äéëåìú ìúîøï, àú äéëåìú ìäéåú öáà äú÷ôé ðééã, ëîå ùãøåù ì÷éåí äáøéúåú äììå. áñéëåîå ùì ãáø öøôú, ìîøåú ùäéà îçééáú îòáø ìéëåìúä, éöøä îàæï ëåçåú ùáúéàåøéä éàôùø ìä ìéöåø à ƒÂ§ÃƒÂ¦ÃƒÂ©ÃƒÂº ùðéä ìâøîðéä áùòú îìçîä. ëìëìä: öøôú éöàä îîìçîú äòåìí äøàùåðä áîöá ëìëìé ÷ùä: áîàîõ äîìçîúé äéà äåöéà ëøáò îäúåöø äìàåîé ùìä. ë-7 àçåæ îùèçä ðäøñå ëìéì áîìçîä ëåìì ëîä ùèçé úòùééä òùéøéí. 31,000 ÷éìåîèø øáåò ùì àãîä ç÷ìàéú ðäøñå åðåúøä áäí ùîîä. ë-5,600 ÷éìåîèø ùì ôñé øëáú Ã¥-48,000 ÷éìåîèø ùì ëáéùéí äà ¥Ã¹Ã®Ã£Ã¥. úôå÷ú äôç! í äöøôúéú éøãä á-37 àçåæéí, úôå÷ú äôìãä éøãä á-60 àçåæéí ìòåîú äîöá á-1914. äâéøòåï äîñçøé ùì öøôú òìä á-16 îéìéåï ôøð÷. îùøã äàåöø äöøôúé çéùá àú ðæ÷é äîìçîä ìîù÷ äöøôúé åäâéò ìðæ÷éí áùååé 134,000,000,000 îø÷ æäá. äîöá äëìëìé äöøôúé ø÷ äîùéê ìäúãøãø. áæîï ùáéúú äðù÷ ùòø äçìéôéï ùì äôøð÷ äéä 26 ôøð÷ ììéøä ñèøìéðâ, áà ¦Ã®Ã¯ îöòã äðéöçåï äùòø òìä ì-51 ôøð÷ ìñèøìéðâ, òã îàé 1926 äåà òìä ì- 178 ôøð÷ ìñèøìéðâ åáéåìé, 1926 ëáø äâéò ì-200 ôøð÷ ìñèøìéðâ. ãøéùåúéäí ùì äôåòìéí äöøôúéí ìùéôåø úðàéí ò÷á äàéðôìöéä åäöåøê ìùìí ôéöåééí ìðôâòé äîìçîä áðåñó ìçåáåúéä äòöåîéí ùì öøôú åäàùìéä ùéáåàå ôéöåééí îâøîðéä, äáéàå ìäâáøú ÷öá äàéà°ÃƒÂ´ÃƒÂ¬ÃƒÂ¶ÃƒÂ©ÃƒÂ¤. áåòéãú äÃ! ƒÂ¹ÃƒÂ¬ÃƒÂ¥ÃƒÂ­ ëáø äòøéëä öøôú àú äôéöåééí äðãøùéí ìùé÷åîä áë-209,000,000,000 ôøð÷ æäá. îñôø ùáååãàé äéä îåâæí àê òãééï ðòåõ áàéæåùäé îéãä ùì öåøê àîéúé. äôéöåééí ùâøîðéä ùéìîä áñåôå ùì ãáø äéå øçå÷éí îîä ùãøùå äöøôúéí. äâøîðéí ìà øöå åâí ìà äéå îñåâìéí ìäòîéã ëæä ñëåí ùì ëñó. úîéëú áòìåú äáøéú äàçøéí åáøàùï áøà©ÃƒÂ¨ÃƒÂ°ÃƒÂ©ÃƒÂ¤ ðéúðä ìâøîðéí. àó îòöîä ìîòè öøôú ìà äééúä îòåðéðú áäúîåèèåúä ùì âøîðéä. áîäìê äîçöéú äøàùåðä ùì ùðåú äòùøéí äúçìôå ùáòä ùøé àåöø öøôúééí áðéñéåï ìééöá àú äëìëìä åäîèáò. øâéòä (åìå ø÷ ìùìåù ùðéí) äâéòä àí áçéøúå ùì ôåàð÷àøà (poincare) . äîùáø äëìëìé ðîùê ìàåøê ùðåú äùìåùéí åäáéà òîå îùáøéí ֌ àìéöéåðéí ùìà ÃÂ!  ÃƒÂ´ÃƒÂ¹ÃƒÂ¸ÃƒÂ¥ ðéäåì îãéðéåú áøåøä áùìèåï äöøôúé . ôåìéèé÷ä: áðéâåã ìîòøëú äôåìéèéú äáøéèéú ùäåøëáä îîñôø îöåîöí ùì îôìâåú âãåìåú, äîòøëú äôåìéèéú áöøôú äééúä øöåôä áîôìâåú ÷èðåú å÷áåöåú àéðèøñ ùåðåú. àó îôìâä ìà éëìä ì÷ååú ìøëåù îñôé÷ ÷åìåú áëãé ì÷áì øåá áôøìîðè äöøôúé. øéáåé äîôìâåú áöøôú åðéà ¢Ã¥Ã£Ã© äàéðèøñéí áéðäï âøí ìçåñø éöéáåú ùì äîîùìåú äðáçøåú. ùøéí äçæé÷å áúô÷éãí ø÷ îñôø çåãùéí îåòè çéìåôé îîùì ðòùå ãáø ùáùâøä. äôøìîðè äöøôúé éëåì äéä ìäéåú îôåæø ø÷ áàéùåøå ùì äñðè (ùìà ðéúï ìàåøê ëì äú÷åôä) øàù